A Complete Guide to Shinkansen Trains
Japan’s high-speed Shinkansen is more than just a way to get around, it is an experience in itself. Known worldwide for speed, comfort, and reliability, the Japanese Shinkansen connects major cities with ease and efficiency, making it the best choice for travellers exploring the country. From Tokyo to Kyoto, Osaka, and beyond, the network of Shinkansen train routes offers seamless travel and incredible scenery along the way. In this Shinkansen train guide, you’ll find everything you need to know about tickets, routes, and tips to make the most of your journey.
Last updated: 12.09.2025
Last updated: 12.09.2025
What is the Shinkansen?
The Shinkansen, often called the bullet train, is Japan’s most iconic mode of transport. First launched in 1964, it revolutionised rail travel by offering speeds that were unheard of at the time. Today, these trains can reach up to 320 km/h, allowing passengers to travel long distances quickly and comfortably. Modern trains are sleek, punctual, and equipped with amenities such as reclining seats, power outlets, luggage storage, and even food trolleys serving regional specialties.
For tourists, the Shinkansen is not just about reaching the destination, it is about the journey. You can watch the Japanese countryside rush past, spot Mount Fuji from your seat on the Tokyo to Osaka line, and arrive in the heart of each city without the stress of airport transfers. This combination of speed, comfort, and scenic views makes the bullet train the most efficient way to explore Japan.
For tourists, the Shinkansen is not just about reaching the destination, it is about the journey. You can watch the Japanese countryside rush past, spot Mount Fuji from your seat on the Tokyo to Osaka line, and arrive in the heart of each city without the stress of airport transfers. This combination of speed, comfort, and scenic views makes the bullet train the most efficient way to explore Japan.
When is the best time to book Shinkansen tickets?
The safest approach is to book tickets a few weeks in advance, especially during peak travel seasons such as Golden Week, Obon in August, and New Year. Tickets open for sale one month before departure, and while last-minute seats are often available, advance booking ensures the best seat choice and peace of mind.
Main Shinkansen Train Routes
Japan’s rail network is extensive, but the Shinkansen routes are the backbone of high-speed travel. The most popular line is the Tokaido Shinkansen, which connects Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka. It is the busiest high-speed line in the world, serving millions of passengers each year. Travelling between Tokyo and Kyoto, for example, takes just over two hours, making day trips entirely possible.
Other key lines include the Sanyo Shinkansen, which extends from Osaka to Hiroshima and Fukuoka, and the Tohoku Shinkansen, running north from Tokyo to Sendai and Aomori. For those heading into the mountains, the Hokuriku line connects Tokyo with Kanazawa, while the Joetsu Shinkansen leads to Niigata on the Sea of Japan coast. Each route offers its own attractions, whether it is cultural sites, natural scenery, or culinary highlights.
Other key lines include the Sanyo Shinkansen, which extends from Osaka to Hiroshima and Fukuoka, and the Tohoku Shinkansen, running north from Tokyo to Sendai and Aomori. For those heading into the mountains, the Hokuriku line connects Tokyo with Kanazawa, while the Joetsu Shinkansen leads to Niigata on the Sea of Japan coast. Each route offers its own attractions, whether it is cultural sites, natural scenery, or culinary highlights.
Do you need to reserve a seat?
Seat reservations are not mandatory on every train, but they are highly recommended. Non-reserved cars are available on most routes, but during peak travel times, they can become crowded. Reserving ensures a guaranteed seat, often for only a small additional fee.
Buying Shinkansen Train Tickets
Purchasing tickets for the bullet train is simple, and travellers have multiple options. Tickets can be bought at station counters, vending machines, or reserved online. The basic fare is determined by distance, and there are three seating classes: Ordinary, Green (first class), and Gran Class (luxury). Ordinary seats are perfectly comfortable, with generous legroom, while Green Class adds wider seats and quieter cars. Gran Class offers an airline business-class experience, complete with complimentary drinks and snacks.
For foreign visitors, a popular choice is the Japan Rail Pass, which offers unlimited travel on most lines for a fixed number of days. This pass must be purchased before arriving in Japan, and while it requires a larger upfront payment, it often saves money for those planning extensive travel. Individual Shinkansen train tickets, however, can be more flexible if your itinerary is limited to one or two journeys.
Can you use the Shinkansen for short trips?
Yes, the bullet train is perfect even for shorter journeys. Travelling between Tokyo and Yokohama takes less than 20 minutes, while Kyoto to Osaka is just 15 minutes. Although local trains are cheaper for these routes, many travellers prefer the comfort and reliability of the Shinkansen.
Travel Tips and Etiquette on the Shinkansen
Riding the Shinkansen is simple, but a little preparation helps make the trip even smoother. First, reserve seats in advance during peak travel seasons to guarantee comfort. Trains depart on the exact minute, so arrive early to find your car and board calmly. If you have luggage, use the overhead racks for smaller bags and the storage spaces at the ends of cars for larger suitcases. On certain routes, oversized baggage requires a reservation, so it is best to plan ahead. Food is a highlight of Shinkansen journeys. Stations sell beautifully packaged bento boxes called ekiben, featuring regional specialties that are perfect for enjoying while watching the scenery. Eating is allowed on board, but avoid food with strong smells that may disturb fellow passengers. Equally important is following etiquette. Keep conversations quiet, use the designated spaces between cars for phone calls, and be mindful when reclining seats. Return seats to their upright position before leaving the train. If you are in Green or Gran Class, the atmosphere is especially calm, and maintaining silence is appreciated.
How much do tickets usually cost?
On average, a one-way Tokyo to Kyoto ticket in Ordinary Class costs around 13,000 yen. Green Class seats are closer to 19,000 yen, while Gran Class can exceed 25,000 yen. Prices do not fluctuate heavily like airline fares, but during holidays, some discount options are harder to find.
Planning Your Shinkansen Journey
When planning your itinerary, it helps to look at the regions connected by the network. A trip starting in Tokyo can easily include Kyoto, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka, all reached within hours. The efficiency of the system means that travellers can cover large distances in a short period, freeing up more time for sightseeing.
Schedules are frequent, with trains running every few minutes on busy routes. Stations are well signposted in both Japanese and English, making navigation simple for tourists. Combining a rail journey with local transport or guided tours allows you to explore beyond the train stations themselves, giving you a deeper understanding of Japan’s culture and landscapes.
Whether you are visiting temples in Nara, skiing in Niigata, or exploring Kanazawa’s gardens, the Shinkansen puts much of Japan within easy reach.
Travelling by Shinkansen is one of the highlights of any visit to Japan. The network of routes, the ease of buying tickets, the comfort of the trains, and the cultural etiquette make it more than just transportation. It is a journey that blends speed with tradition, allowing travellers to see Japan from a unique perspective. Whether you are covering long distances or hopping between nearby cities, the Shinkansen offers an unforgettable way to explore the country.